The Common Cold
What is a cold and what causes them?
A cold is an infection of the nose and upper airways. A cold is caused by a virus. There are many different viruses which can cause a cold. This is why colds recur, and immunisation against colds is not possible. Children tend to have colds more often than adults who have built up immunity to many viruses.
What are the symptoms of a cold?
The main symptoms are a blocked (congested) and runny nose. At first there is a clear discharge (mucus)
from the nose. This often becomes thick and yellow/green after 2-3 days. It may be difficult to sleep due to a
blocked nose.
You may feel generally unwell or tired.
Sneezing is common.
A fever (temperature) may develop.
Sometimes a mild sore throat, hoarseness, and an irritating cough also develop.
Sometimes the mucus travels to the ears and causes temporary dulled hearing or mild earache.
What are the treatments for a cold?
There is no magic cure for the common cold! The symptoms are typically worse in the first 2-3 days, and then ease gradually over the next few days. Antibiotics do not kill viruses, so are of no use for common colds. However, you can help ease the symptoms whilst your immune system clears the virus. Some tips include the following:
• Paracetamol, aspirin or ibuprofen will ease fever, sore throats, and general pains. NOTE: Children under 16 years should_not be given aspirin.
• Steam inhalations may relieve a blocked nose. A traditional routine is bend over a bowl of hot water with a towel over your head to capture the steam. Breathe the steamy vapour for 5-10 minutes. A hot, steamy shower is an alternative. Decongestant sweets, nose-sprays, vapours, drops or medicines may also ease a blocked nose. Ask your pharmacist for advice. Some cold/decongestant medicines also contain ingredients that can make you drowsy. They may help with sleep if taken at bedtime.
• Have lots to drink. A fever may cause you to lose extra body fluid by sweating. Having low body fluids (mild dehydration) can make you feel more tired, and may cause a headache. Hot drinks are often soothing too.
Most colds do not cause complications. Occasionally the mucus can travel to the chest, sinuses, or ears which may cause a chest infection, sinusitis, or an ear infection. Consult a doctor if cold symptoms do not ease within a few days, or if you suspect a complication.
